Anode active material and anode using same, electrochemical device and electronic device

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to an anode active material and an anode, an electrochemical device and an electronic device using same. Specifically, the present application provides an anode active material, including a lithiated silicon-oxygen material and a coating layer, where there is at least a Si—O-M bond between the coating layer and the lithiated silicon-oxygen material, where M is selected from one or more of an aluminum element, a boron element and a phosphorus element. The anode active material of the present application has high stability and is suitable for aqueous processing to be prepared into an anode.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of priority from the ChinaPatent Application No. 201910002194.1, filed on 2 Jan. 2019, thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present application relates to the field of energy storage, and inparticular to an anode active material and an anode, an electrochemicaldevice and an electronic device using the same, particularly alithium-ion battery.

2. Description of the Related Art

With the widespread use of electronic devices such as cameras, digitalvideo cameras, mobile phones and notebook computers, people have higherperfoittiance requirements for electrochemical devices (e.g.,lithium-ion batteries). Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used invarious fields due to their high energy density, long cycle life, nomemory effect, and the like. The silicon-oxygen material has theadvantages of high capacity, low volume expansion, good cycle stabilityand the like, and thus, is most likely to be the anode active materialfor next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, its first coulombicefficiency, which is generally less than 75%, has been an importantreason for its limited practical application. In order to solve thistechnical problem, it has been proposed to pre-lithiate thesilicon-oxygen material to increase its first coulombic efficiency to90% or more. However, the pre-lithiated silicon-oxygen material isinferior in water-resistance tolerance to ordinary silicon-oxygenmaterials. Therefore, when water is used as a solvent to produce apre-lithiated silicon-oxygen material slurry to then produce an anode,there is a problem with process incompatibility. When the slurry isformed into the anode, high-speed stirring and high-viscosity kneadingoperations are usually employed, which seriously damages the overallstructure of the pre-lithiated silicon-oxygen material, and the highlyreactive silicon nanoparticles therein are exposed and more easily comeinto contact with water, generating hydrogen gas, which seriouslyreduces capacity and the cycle stability of the material. Moreover,hydrogen or gelation is liable to be produced during the production ofthe lithiated silicon-oxygen material slurry, which would seriouslyaffect the storage stability and safety of the material.

In view of the above, it is indeed necessary to provide a pre-lithiatedsilicon-oxygen anode active material which has high water-resistancetolerance to adapt to conventional aqueous processing, and an anode, anelectrochemical device and an electronic device using the same.

SUMMARY

The embodiments of the present application solve at least one problemthat exists in related fields, at least to some extent, by providing apre-lithiated silicon-oxygen anode active material which has highwater-resistance tolerance to adapt to conventional aqueous processing,and an anode, an electrochemical device and an electronic device usingthe same.

In one embodiment, the present application provides an anode activematerial having high water-resistance tolerance, which includes alithiated silicon-oxygen material and a coating layer, where there is atleast a Si—O-M bond between the coating layer and the lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material, where M is selected from one or more of analuminum element, a boron element and a phosphorus element.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material includes one or more of Li₂SiO₃, Li₆Si₂O₇,Li₂Si₂O₅ and Li₄SiO₄.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the coatinglayer includes a compound containing one or more of a phosphoruselement, an aluminum element and a boron element.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the compoundcontaining the phosphorus element is derived from one or more ofphosphoric acid, tripolyphosphoric acid, sodium tripolyphosphate andpotassium tripolyphosphate.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the compoundcontaining the aluminum element is derived from one or more of sodiummetaaluminate, potassium metaaluminate, aluminum trichloride andaluminum hydroxide.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the compoundcontaining the boron element is derived from one or more of thefollowing: boric acid, sodium tetraborate or a hydrate thereof,potassium tetraborate or a hydrate thereof, sodium metaborate or ahydrate thereof, and potassium metaborate or a hydrate thereof.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the compoundcontaining any combination of the phosphorus element, the aluminumelement and the boron element is derived from one or more of aluminumdihydrogen tripolyphosphate, aluminum phosphate, aluminum borate andaluminum tetrahydroborate.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the content ofM is about 0.05 wt % to about 1.0 wt % of the coating layer. In someembodiments, the content of M is about 0.05 wt % to about 0.5 wt % ofthe coating layer. In some embodiments, the content of M is about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt % of the coating layer. In some embodiments, thecontent of M is about 0.2 wt %.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the anodeactive material has an X-ray diffraction peak having a 20 value of about21.7±1°.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material includes nano silicon grains, where the nanosilicon grains have a grain size of less than about 10 nm. According tosome embodiments of the present application, the nano silicon grainshave a grain size of less than about 5 nm.

In another embodiment, the present application provides an anode,including a substrate and the anode active material according to theembodiments of the present application.

In another embodiment, the present application provides anelectrochemical device, including a cathode and the anode according tothe embodiment of the present application.

In another embodiment, the present application provides an electronicdevice, including the electrochemical device according to the embodimentof the present application.

The additional aspects and advantages of the embodiments of the presentapplication will be described and illustrated in part in the subsequentdescription, or explained by the implementation of the embodiments ofthe present application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings that are necessary to describe the embodiments of thepresent application or the existing technology will be briefly describedbelow to facilitate the description of the embodiments of the presentapplication. Obviously, the drawings in the following description areonly partial embodiments of the present application. For those skilledin the art, the drawings of other embodiments can still be obtainedaccording to the structures illustrated in the drawings without creativeeffort.

FIG. 1 shows an XRD diffraction spectrum of an anode active materialaccording to Comparative Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 13.

FIG. 2 shows the appearance of the anode slurry of ComparativeEmbodiment 1 after standing for 48 hours.

FIG. 3 shows the appearance of the anode slurry of Embodiment 11 afterstanding for 48 hours.

FIG. 4 shows the cycle decay curves of lithium-ion batteries prepared inComparative Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 14.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments of the present application will be described in detailbelow. The embodiments of the present application should not beconstrued as limiting the present application.

As used herein, the term “about” is used to describe and explain minorchanges. When used in conjunction with an event or situation, the termmay refer to examples where the event or situation occurs exactly andexamples where the event or situation occurs very closely. For example,when used in conjunction with a numerical value, the term may refer to avariation range that is less than or equal to ±10% of the numericalvalue, such as less than or equal to ±5%, less than or equal to ±4%,less than or equal to ±3%, less than or equal to ±2%, less than or equalto ±1%, less than or equal to ±0.5%, less than or equal to ±0.1%, orless than or equal to ±0.05%. In addition, amounts, ratios, and othernumerical values are sometimes presented herein in a range format. Itshould be understood that such range formats are for convenience andbrevity, and should be interpreted with flexibility, and include notonly those numerical values that are specifically designated as rangelimitations, but also include all individual numerical values orsub-ranges that are within the range, as each value and sub-range isspecified explicitly.

I. Anode

The silicon-oxygen material is a material having good cycle stability(when it is higher than about 500 cycles, the capacity retention rate isstill about 80% or above), high capacity (about 1500 to about 1800mAh/g) and low cycle expansion (volume expansion below about 160%), andtherefore, is suitable to serve as a material for the battery anodeactive substance according to the embodiments of the presentapplication.

However, the silicon-oxygen material has high irreversible capacity,making its first coulombic efficiency generally less than about 75%.This problem has become the biggest obstacle limiting the application ofthe silicon-oxygen material. In this regard, some current lithiationmanners (electrochemical, lithium source thermal sintering and solutionmethods) can increase the coulombic efficiency of silicon-oxygen toabout 88% or above, but an obtained pre-lithiated silicon-oxygenmaterial is generally incompatible with the conventional electrodeaqueous processing method. For example, the lithiated material is liableto generate H₂ during the slurrying process, which seriously reducescapacity and the cycle stability of the material, or H₂ or gelation isliable to be produced, which seriously affects the storage stability andsafety of the slurry. Therefore, according to the present application,the lithiated silicon-oxygen material having high water-resistancetolerance is more suitable to serve as an anode active material of anext-generation lithium-ion battery.

According to the embodiment of the present application, in thepreparation of the anode, water is usually used as a solvent to dispersethe anode active material in consideration of environmental protection,cost, safety and other issues. In order to obtain a good dispersioneffect, high-strength kneading or high-speed dispersion is usually usedduring the processing, which inevitably destroys materials having lowwater-resistance tolerance. The buffer phase in the pre-lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material is typically composed of a mixture of a seriesof silicates (e.g., Li₂SiO₃, Li₆Si₂O₇, Li₂Si₂O₅, Li₄SiO₄ or a mixturethereof). These silicates do not have high water-resistance toleranceand will be subjected to hydrolytic polymerization in an aqueous systemto produce a series of silicon-oxygen clusters. These silicon-oxygenclusters are highly susceptible to acid-base fluctuations in a slurrysystem to further polymerize causing gelation.

Further, according to the embodiment of the present application, in thepreparation of the anode, water is usually used as a solvent to preparethe slurry. In this process, it is necessary to wet the material with abinder or dispersing agent by a high-speed shearing force, whichseriously damages the overall structure of the anode active material.This causes the highly reactive silicon nanoparticles of thesilicon-oxygen material in the anode active material exposed to moreeasily be in contact with water and generate hydrogen gas, therebyseriously reducing capacity and the cycle stability of thesilicon-oxygen material. Besides, hydrogen gas generated during thelarge-scale preparation of the anode active material slurry seriouslyaffects the storage stability and safety of the slurry.

It can be seen that the lithiated silicon-oxygen material has a certainnegative impact during the processing process and storage stability ofthe slurry composed of the anode active material produced therefrom,which seriously affects the uniformity and effectiveness of coating.

In order to overcome the above problems, the present applicationprovides a highly water-resistant anode active material to meet theconventional aqueous processing technique. The anode active materialincludes a lithiated silicon-oxygen material and a coating layer, wherethere is at least a Si—O-M bond between the coating layer and thelithiated silicon-oxygen material, where M is selected from one or moreof an aluminum element, a boron element and a phosphorus element. Insome embodiments, the coating layer further includes one or more of ahydrogen element and an oxygen element.

After hydrolysis, the lithiated silicon-oxygen material forms a hydratedlayer mainly composed of silicon hydroxy groups on the surface of thesilicon-oxygen material. The compound containing one or more of thephosphorus element, the aluminum element and the boron element generatesan M-OH group which is easily bonded to the surface of thesilicon-oxygen material after hydrolysis. The group can be furtherdehydrated and polymerized with the silicon hydroxy groups on thesurface to form a network-like tight coating layer mainly composed ofSi—O-M bonds on the surface of the silicon-oxygen material. The coatinglayer can effectively inhibit material collapse caused by hydrolysis ofsilicate, and is beneficial for maintaining the stability of thelithiated silicon-oxygen material during aqueous processing.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material includes one or more of Li₂SiO₃, Li₆Si₂O₇,Li₂Si₂O₅ and Li₄SiO₄.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the coatinglayer includes a compound containing one or more of a phosphoruselement, an aluminum element and a boron element.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the compoundcontaining the phosphorus element is derived from one or more ofphosphoric acid, tripolyphosphoric acid, sodium tripolyphosphate andpotassium tripolyphosphate.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the compoundcontaining the aluminum element is derived from one or more of sodiummetaaluminate, potassium metaaluminate, aluminum trichloride andaluminum hydroxide.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the compoundcontaining the boron element is derived from one or more of thefollowing: boric acid, sodium tetraborate or a hydrate thereof,potassium tetraborate or a hydrate thereof, sodium metaborate or ahydrate thereof, and potassium metaborate or a hydrate thereof.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the compoundcontaining any combination of the phosphorus element, the aluminumelement and the boron element is derived from one or more of aluminumdihydrogen tripolyphosphate, aluminum phosphate, aluminum borate andaluminum tetrahydroborate.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the content ofM is about 0.05 wt % to about 1.0 wt % of the coating layer. In someembodiments, the content of M is about 0.05 wt % to about 0.5 wt % ofthe coating layer. In some embodiments, the content of M is about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt % of the coating layer. In some embodiments, thecontent of M is about 0.2 wt %.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the anodeactive material has an X-ray diffraction peak having a 20 value of about21.7+1°.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material includes nano silicon grains. In someembodiments, the nano silicon grains have an X-ray diffraction peakproduced by a silicon (111) crystal plane having a 20 value of about28.3±0.1° and a full width at half maximum of greater than about 0.81°.According to the Scherrer equation, the nano silicon grains have a grainsize of less than about 10 nm. In some embodiments, the nano silicongrains have a grain size of less than about 5 nm.

According to some embodiments of the present application, the surface ofthe lithiated silicon-oxygen material is at least partially covered witha carbon layer having the thickness of about 5 nm to about 100 nm. Insome embodiments, the carbon layer has the thickness of about 5 nm toabout 80 nm. In some embodiments, the carbon layer has the thickness ofabout 5 nm to about 60 nm. In some embodiments, the carbon layer has thethickness of about 5 nm to about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the carbonlayer has the thickness of about 5 nm to about 20 nm.

In another embodiment, the present application provides an anode,including a substrate and the anode active material according to theembodiments of the present application. In some embodiments, thesubstrate is copper foil.

II. Cathode

The cathode materials, compositions and manufacturing methods thereofapplicable in the embodiments of the present application include any ofthe techniques well known to those skilled in the art. In someembodiments, the cathode is such described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,812,739B,which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

In some embodiments, the cathode includes a current collector and acathode active material layer on the current collector. The cathodeactive material includes at least one lithiated intercalation compoundthat reversibly intercalates and deintercalates lithium ions. In someembodiments, the cathode active material includes a composite oxide. Insome embodiments, the composite oxide contains lithium and at least oneelement selected from cobalt, manganese and nickel.

In some embodiments, the cathode active material includes, but is notlimited to:

-   Li_(a)A_(1-b)X_(b)D₂ (0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5),-   Li_(a)E_(1-b)X_(b)O_(2-c)D_(c) (0.90<a≤1.8, 0≤b<0.5, 0≤c≤0.05),-   Li_(a)E_(2-b)X_(b)D₄(0.90<a≤1.8, 0≤b<0.5),-   Li_(a)E_(2-b)X_(b)O_(4-c)Dc (0.90<a≤1.8, 0≤b<0.5, 0≤c≤0.05),-   Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Co_(b)X_(c)D_(α) (0.90<a≤1.8, 0≤b<0.5, 0≤c≤0.05,    0<α≤2)-   Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Co_(b)X_(c)O_(2-α)T_(α) (0.90<a≤1.8, 0≤b<0.5,    0≤c≤0.05, 0<α<2),-   Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Co_(b)X_(c)O_(2-α)T₂ (0.90<a≤1.8, 0≤b<0.5, 0≤c≤0.05,    0<α<2),-   Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)X_(c)D_(α)(0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05,    0<α≤2),-   Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)X_(c)O_(2-α)T_(α) (0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5,    0≤c≤0.5, 0≤α≤2),-   Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)X_(c)O_(2-α)T₂ (0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.5,    0≤α≤2),-   Li_(a)Ni_(b)E_(c)G_(d)O₂ (0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5,    0.001≤d≤0.1),-   Li_(a)Ni_(b)Co_(c)Mn_(b)G_(e)O₂ (0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5,    0≤d≤0.5, 0.001≤e≤0.1),-   Li_(a)NiG_(b)O₂ (0.90≤a≤1.8, 0.001≤b≤0.1),-   Li_(a)CoG_(b)O₂ (0.90≤a≤1.8, 0.001≤b≤0.1),-   Li_(a)MnG_(b)O₂ (0.90<a≤1.8, 0.001≤b≤0.1),-   Li_(a)Mn₂G_(b)O₄ (0.90<a≤1.8, 0≤b<0.5),-   QO₂, QS₂, LiQS₂, V₂O₅, LiV₂O₅, LiIO₂, LiNiVO₄, Li_((3-f))J₂(PO₄)₃    (0≤f≤2), Li_((3-f))Fe₂(PO₄)₃ (0≤f≤2) or LiFePO₄,

where A is selected from Ni, Co, Mn and any combination thereof; X isselected from Al, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, rare-earth elements andany combination thereof; D is selected from O, F, S, P and anycombination thereof; E is selected from Co, Mn and any combinationthereof; T is selected from F, S, P and any combination thereof; G isselected from Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, La, Ce, Sr, V and any combinationthereof; Q is selected from Ti, Mo, Mn and any combination thereof; I isselected from Cr, V, Fe, Sc, Y and any combination thereof; and J isselected from V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cathode active material is selected fromlithium cobaltate (LiCoO₂), a lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM)ternary material, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), lithium manganate(LiMn₂O₄) and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cathodeactive material is lithium cobaltate (LiCoO₂).

In some embodiments, the cathode active material may have a coating onits surface or may be mixed with another compound having a coating. Thecoating may include at least one coating element compound selected froman oxide of the coating element, a hydroxide of the coating element, anoxyhydroxide of the coating element, a bicarbonate of the coatingelement and a hydroxycarbonate of the coating element. The compound usedfor the coating may be amorphous or crystalline.

In some embodiments, the coating element contained in the coating mayinclude Mg, Al, Co, K, Na, Ca, Si, Ti, V, Sn, Ge, Ga, B, As, Zr or anycombination thereof. The coating may be applied by any method as long asthe method does not adversely affect the performance of the cathodeactive material. For example, the method may include spraying, dipping,and the like.

The cathode active material layer further includes a binder, andoptionally includes a conductive material. The binder improves thebinding of the cathode active material particles to each other, and alsoimproves the binding of the cathode active material to the currentcollector.

In some embodiments, the binder includes, but is not limited to,polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose,polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride,ethylene oxide containing polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane,polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(1,1-difluoroethylene), polyethylene,polypropylene, styrene butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene butadienerubber, epoxy resin, nylon, and the like. In some embodiments, thebinder is poly(1,1-difluoroethylene).

In some embodiments, the conductive material includes, but is notlimited to, a carbon-based material, a metal-based material, aconductive polymer and a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, thecarbon-based material is selected from natural graphite, artificialgraphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon fibers andany combination thereof. In some embodiments, the carbon-based materialis carbon black. In some embodiments, the metal-based material isselected from metal powder, metal fibers, copper, nickel, aluminum andsilver. In some embodiments, the conductive polymer is a polyphenylenederivative.

In some embodiments, the current collector is aluminum.

The cathode may be prepared by a preparation method well known to thoseskilled in the art. For example, the cathode may be obtained by thefollowing method: mixing an active material, a conductive material and abinder in a solvent to prepare an active material composition, andcoating the active material composition on a current collector. In someembodiments, the solvent may include N-methylpyrrolidone or the like,but is not limited thereto.

III. Electrolytic Solution

Electrolytes applicable in the electrolytic solution of the embodimentsof the present application include, but are not limited to, inorganiclithium salts, such as LiClO₄, LiAsF₆, LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiSO₃F,LiN(FSO₂)₂ and the like; fluorine-containing organic lithium salts, suchas LiCF₃SO₃, LiN(FSO₂)(CF₃SO₂), LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂, LiN(C₂F₅SO₂)₂, cycliclithium 1,3-hexafluoropropanedisulfonimide, cyclic1,2-tetrafluoroethanedisulfonimide, LiN(CF₃SO₂)(C₄F₉SO₂), LiC(CF₃SO₂)₃,LiPF₄(CF₃)₂, LiPF₄(C₂F₅)₂, LiPF₄(CF₃SO₂)₂, LiPF₄(C₂F₅SO₂)₂, LiBF₂(CF₃)₂,LiBF2(C2F5)2, LiBF₂(CF₃SO₂)₂ and LiBF₂(C₂F₅SO₂)₂; and lithium saltscontaining dicarboxylic acid complex, such as lithiumbis(oxalate)borate, lithium difluorooxalate borate, lithiumtris(oxalate) phosphate, lithium difluorobis(oxalate) phosphate andlithium tetrafluoro(oxalate)phosphate. Further, the above electrolytesmay be used singly or in combination of two or more. For example, insome embodiments, the electrolyte includes a combination of LiPF₆ andLiBF₄. In some embodiments, the electrolyte includes a combination of aninorganic lithium salt such as LiPF₆, LiBF₄ or the like and afluorine-containing organic lithium salt such as LiCF₃SO₃, LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂,LiN(C₂F₅SO₂)₂ or the like. In some embodiments, the concentration of theelectrolyte is in the range of about 0.8 to about 3 mol/L, such as inthe range of about 0.8 to about 2.5 mol/L, in the range of about 0.8 toabout 2 mol/L or in the range of about 1 to about 2 mol/L, for example,about 1 mol/L, about 1.15 mol/L, about 1.2 mol/L, about 1.5 mol/L, about2 mol/L or about 2.5 mol/L.

IV. Separator

In some embodiments, a separator is provided between the cathode and theanode to prevent short circuit. The material and shape of the separatorwhich can be used in the embodiments of the present application are notparticularly limited, and may be any technique well known to thoseskilled in the art. In some embodiments, the separator includes apolymer or inorganic material or the like formed of a material that isstable to the electrolytic solution of the present application.

For example, the separator may include a substrate layer and a surfacetreatment layer. The substrate layer is a nonwoven fabric, a film or acomposite film having a porous structure, and the material of thesubstrate layer is at least one selected from polyethylene,polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide. Specifically, apolypropylene porous film, a polyethylene porous film, a polypropylenenonwoven fabric, a polyethylene nonwoven fabric or apolypropylene-polyethylene-polypropylene porous composite film may beused. In some embodiments, the separator is a polyethylene (PE) porouspolymer film.

At least one surface of the substrate layer is provided with the surfacetreatment layer, and the surface treatment layer may be a polymer layeror an inorganic substance layer, or may be a layer formed by mixing apolymer and an inorganic substance.

The inorganic substance layer includes inorganic particles and a binder,and the inorganic particles are selected from one or a combination ofseveral of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, titaniumoxide, hafnium oxide, tin oxide, cerium oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide,calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, silicon carbide,boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide andbarium sulfate. The binder is selected from one or a combination ofseveral of polyvinylidene fluoride, a vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile,polyacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone,polyvinyl ether, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene andpolyhexafluoropropylene.

The polymer layer includes a polymer, and the material of the polymer isat least one selected from polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, acrylatepolymer, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylether, polyvinylidene fluoride and poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene).

V. Electrochemical Device

The electrochemical device of the present application includes anydevice that generates an electrochemical reaction, and its specificexamples include all kinds of primary batteries, secondary batteries,fuel cells, solar cells or capacitors. In particular, theelectrochemical device is a lithium secondary battery, including alithium metal secondary battery, a lithium-ion secondary battery, alithium polymer secondary battery or a lithium-ion polymer secondarybattery. In some embodiments, the electrochemical device of the presentapplication includes a cathode having a cathode active substance capableof occluding and releasing metal ions; an anode according to theembodiment of the present application; an electrolytic solution; and aseparator arranged between the cathode and the anode.

VI. Electronic Device

The use of the electrochemical device of the present application is notparticularly limited and can be used in any electronic device known inthe existing technology. In one embodiment, the electrochemical deviceof the present application may be used for, but not limited to, anotebook computer, a pen input computer, a mobile computer, an e-bookplayer, a portable phone, a portable fax machine, a portable copymachine, a portable printer, stereo headphones, a video recorder, aliquid crystal display television, a portable cleaner, a portable CDplayer, a mini disk, a transceiver, an electronic notebook, acalculator, a memory card, a portable recorder, a radio, a backup power,a motor, a car, a motorcycle, a power bicycle, a bicycle, a lightingfixture, a toy, a game console, a clock, an electric tool, a flash lamp,a camera, a large household storage battery, a lithium-ion capacitor andthe like.

Hereinafter, a lithium-ion battery is taken as an example and iscombined with specific embodiments to describe the preparation of thelithium ion battery. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that thepreparation methods described in the present application are merelyexamples, and any other suitable preparation methods are within thescope of the present application.

EXAMPLES

The performance evaluation of the Examples of the lithium-ion batteryaccording to the present application and Comparative Examples isexplained below.

I. Preparation of Lithium-Ion Battery

1. Preparation of Anode

A modifier was added to 500 mL of a mixture of water and ethanol andstirred uniformly. 100 g of pre-lithiated silicon-oxygen material (C%=3.2%, D50=6.4 μm, silicon grain size being 5 nm, buffer phase beingLi₂SiO₃) was added to the above solution, and stirred at 400 rpm for 6hours to obtain a suspension. The suspension was filtered to obtain asolid. The solid was dried at 80° C. for 12 hours to obtain a driedmaterial. The dried material was pulverized and sieved to obtain ananode active material (Examples 1 to 16).

Graphite, a modified pre-lithiated silicon-oxygen material, a conductiveagent (conductive carbon black, Super P®) and a binder (modifiedpolyacrylic acid, PAA) were mixed according to a mass ratio of70%:15%:5%:10%, an appropriate amount of water was added, and kneadingwas performed at a solid content of 55%-70%. An appropriate amount ofwater was added to adjust the viscosity of the slurry to 4000-6000 Pa·sto prepare an anode slurry.

The obtained anode slurry was coated on an anode current collectorcopper foil, dried, and subjected to cold-pressing to obtain the anode.

2. Preparation of Cathode

LiCoO₂, conductive carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) werethoroughly stirred and uniformly mixed in a mass ratio of 95%:2.5%:2.5%in an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent system to obtain a cathode slurry. Theobtained cathode slurry was coated on a cathode current collectoraluminum foil, dried, and subjected to cold-pressing to obtain thecathode.

3. Preparation of Electrolytic Solution

In a dry argon atmosphere, in a solvent formed by mixing propylenecarbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC)(weight ratio 1:1:1), LiPF₆ was added and mixed uniformly, theconcentration of LiPF₆ being 1.15 mol/L, and then 7.5 wt % offluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was added and mixed uniformly to obtainthe electrolytic solution.

4. Preparation of Separator

A PE porous polymer film was used as a separator.

5. Preparation of Lithium-Ion Battery

The cathode, the separator and the anode were stacked sequentially, sothat the separator was positioned between the cathode and the anode toperform a function of separation, and a bare battery cell was obtainedby winding. The bare battery cell was put in an outer package, theelectrolytic solution was injected, and packaging was performed.Techniques such as formation, degassing, trimming and the like wereperformed to obtain the lithium-ion battery.

II. Test Method

1. Method for Measuring Content of M in Coating Layer

0.2 g of the anode active material (Examples 1 to 16) was weighed andput in a beaker made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). After themeasured value of a digital balance was stabilized, the weight of thesample was recorded to the nearest 0.0001 g. 10 mL of concentrated HNO₃and 2 mL of HF were slowly added to the sample, placed on a 220° C.plate heater, and heated to digest to almost evaporate. 10 mL of nitricacid was slowly added, and heating was continued for digesting for about15 min to allow the sample to be sufficiently dissolved. The dissolvedsample was placed in a fume hood and cooled to room temperature. Thesample solution was shaken up and slowly poured into a funnel with asingle layer of filter paper, and the beaker and filter residues wererinsed 3 times. The solution was made to a volume of 50 mL at 20±5° C.and shaken. The ion spectral intensity of the filtrate was measured byan inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (PE 7000),and the ion concentration was calculated according to the standard curveso as to calculate the content of the element contained in the sample.

2. X-Ray Diffraction Characterization Method of Anode Active Material

An anode active material sample was placed in a circular pit having thediameter of 1 cm, the surface was smoothed, and the sample was scannedby an X-ray spectrometer (D8 Advance, Cu target X-ray source), the tiltangle 2θ being from 10° to 85°, and the scanning frequency being 3°/min.

3. Method for Evaluating Deposition of Anode Slurry

The anode active material slurry was stored for 48 hours, and the finalviscosity of the anode slurry was measured. The final viscosity wascompared with the initial viscosity, and when the viscosity reductionwas less than 1000 Pa·s, it was recorded as no deposition; when theviscosity reduction was 1000-2000 Pa·s, it was recorded as slightdeposition; and when the viscosity reduction was greater than 2000 Pa·s,it was recorded as severe deposition.

4. Method for Evaluating Gelation of Anode Slurry

The anode active material slurry was stored for 48 hours, and theparticles of the lower layer of the anode slurry were measured by adynamic light scattering method. When 50-100 μm particles appeared inthe anode slurry, it was recorded as slight gelation; and when 100-1000μm particles appeared in the anode slurry, it was recorded as severegelation.

5. Method for Measuring Gas Production Rate of Anode Slurry

100 g of the anode active material slurry was sealed in a 250 mL closedvessel for 48 hours. The proportion of hydrogen produced by the gaschromatography was tested. According to the reaction principle, theother gases in the system were substantially unchanged, and the gasproduction rate was characterized by the volume ratio of hydrogen in theentire mixed system in the case where only hydrogen was generated.

6. Cycle Test Method for Lithium-Ion Battery

At 25° C., the battery was charged at a constant current of 0.7 C to4.4V, charged at a constant voltage to 0.025 C, and allowed to stand for5 minutes. Then, the battery was discharged at 0.5 C to 3.0V. Thecapacity obtained in the above steps was the initial capacity. The cycletest with 0.7 C charging/0.5 C discharging was performed, with the ratioof the capacity to the initial capacity in each step, and a smallcurrent recovery (charging at a constant current of 0.2 C to 4.4V,charging at a constant voltage to 0.025 C, standing for 5 minutes, anddischarging at 0.2 C to 3.0V) was performed every 50 cycles to obtainthe capacity decay curve.

III. Test Results

The following table shows the composition and stability (deposition,gelation and gas production rate) of the anode active material accordingto the comparative Examples of the existing technology and the examplesof the present application.

Content of M Gas production in coating layer rate of hydrogen Modifier(weight percent) Deposition Gelation (volume percent) Example 1 0.5 g85% phosphoric 0.104% P No No gelation Null acid deposition Example 20.5 g tripolyphosphoric 0.134% P Slight No gelation 2.5% acid depositionExample 3 0.75 g sodium 0.168% P No No gelation 1.5% tripolyphosphatedeposition Example 4 0.75 g potassium 0.124% P Slight No gelation 5.2%tripolyphosphate deposition Example 5 0.75 g sodium 0.215% Al No Nogelation 0.2% metaaluminate deposition Example 6 0.5 g aluminum 0.098%Al No Slight  10% trichloride deposition gelation Example 7 0.65 galuminum 0.198% Al Slight Slight Null hydroxide deposition gelationExample 8 1 g boric 0.146% B Slight No gelation  2% acid depositionExample 9 2 g sodium 0.213% B No Slight Null tetraborate depositiongelation Example 10 1 g potassium 0.113% B No Slight 1.5% tetraboratedeposition gelation Example 11 0.75 g sodium 0.116% P No No gelationNull tripolyphosphate 0.213% Al deposition 0.75 g sodium metaaluminateExample 12 0.5 g boric acid 0.136% B No No gelation 0.8% 0.6 gtripolyphosphoric 0.153% P deposition acid Example 13 0.75 g aluminum0.052% Al Slight Slight  16% dihydrogen 0.062% P deposition gelationtripolyphosphate Example 14 2 g aluminum 0.142% Al No No gelation 0.4%dihydrogen 0.138% P deposition tripolyphosphate Example 15 6.2 galuminum 0.510% Al No No gelation Null dihydrogen 0.408% P depositiontripolyphosphate Example 16 15 g aluminum 1.02% Al No No gelation Nulldihydrogen 0.8% P deposition tripolyphosphate Comparative — — SevereSevere  76% Example 1 deposition gelation

After adding a modifier containing one or more of the phosphoruselement, the aluminum element and the boron element to the substrate ofthe anode active material, the anode active material obtained in thepresent application has an X-ray diffraction peak having a 2θ value of21.7±1° (as shown in FIG. 1), which indicates that one or more of thephosphorus element, the aluminum element and the boron element arepresent in the coating layer.

The results in the above table show that, in comparison with ComparativeExample 1, a modifier containing one or more of the phosphorus element,the aluminum element and the boron element was added to the substrate ofthe anode active material in Examples 1-16, so that a Si—O-M bond (M wasselected from one or more of an aluminum element, a boron element and aphosphorus element) was formed between the coating layer and thelithiated silicon-oxygen material of the anode active material, andthus, the deposition, gelation degree and/or gas production rate of thepre-lithiated silicon-oxygen anode active material can be remarkablyreduced, thereby significantly improving the stability of the anodeactive material. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the anode active materialslurry of Comparative Example 1 caused severe deposition and severegelation, while the anode active material slurry of Example 11 did notundergo deposition or gelation.

Examples 1-4 used a modifier containing the phosphorus element, Examples5-7 used a modifier containing the aluminum element, Examples 8-10 useda modifier containing the boron element, and Examples 11-16 used amodifier containing a combination of the aluminum element, the boronelement and/or the phosphorus element. The results show that the anodeactive material having composite elements has superior stability to theanode active material having a single aluminum element, boron element orphosphorus element.

Further, a lithium-ion battery prepared from the anode active materialof the present application has good electrochemical performance (asshown in FIG. 4) compared to the existing technology.

The above examples only used Li₂SiO₃ as a buffer phase to prepare theanode active material, and evaluated its performance. These examplesshould not be construed as limiting the lithiated silicon-oxygenmaterial. Other lithiated silicon-oxygen materials (e.g., one or more ofLi₆Si₂O₇, Li₂Si₂O₅ and Li₄SiO₄) of the present application can achievesubstantially the same effect as Li₂SiO₃.

References throughout the specification to “embodiments”, “partialembodiments”, “an embodiment”, “another example”, “examples”, “specificexamples” or “partial examples” mean that at least one embodiment orexample of the present application includes specific features,structures, materials or characteristics described in the embodiments orexamples. Therefore, descriptions appearing throughout thespecification, such as “in some embodiments”, “in the embodiments”, “inan embodiment”, “in another example”, “in an example”, “in a particularexample” or “examples”, are not necessarily referring to the sameembodiments or examples in the present application. Furthermore, theparticular features, structures, materials or characteristics herein maybe combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments orexamples.

Although the illustrative embodiments have been shown and described, itshould be understood by those skilled in the art that theabove-described embodiments are not to be construed as limiting thepresent application, and that variations, substitutions andmodifications may be made to the embodiments without departing from thespirit, principle and scope of the present application.

What is claimed is:
 1. An anode active material, comprising a lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material and a coating layer, wherein there is at least aSi—O-M bond between the coating layer and the lithiated silicon-oxygenmaterial, wherein M is selected from one or more of an aluminum element,a boron element, and a phosphorus element.
 2. The anode active materialaccording to claim 1, wherein the lithiated silicon-oxygen materialcomprises one or more of Li₂SiO₃, Li₆Si₂O₇, Li₂Si₂O₅, and Li₄SiO₄. 3.The anode active material according to claim 1, wherein the coatinglayer comprises a compound containing one or more of a phosphoruselement, an aluminum element, and a boron element.
 4. The anode activematerial according to claim 3, wherein the compound containing thephosphorus element is derived from one or more of phosphoric acid,tripolyphosphoric acid, sodium tripolyphosphate, and potassiumtripolyphosphate.
 5. The anode active material according to claim 3,wherein the compound containing the aluminum element is derived from oneor more of sodium metaaluminate, potassium metaaluminate, aluminumtrichloride, and aluminum hydroxide.
 6. The anode active materialaccording to claim 3, wherein the compound containing the boron elementis derived from one or more of the following: boric acid, sodiumtetraborate or a hydrate thereof, potassium tetraborate or a hydratethereof, sodium metaborate or a hydrate thereof, and potassiummetaborate or a hydrate thereof.
 7. The anode active material accordingto claim 3, wherein the compound containing any combination of thephosphorus element, the aluminum element, and the boron element isderived from one or more of aluminum dihydrogen tripolyphosphate,aluminum phosphate, aluminum borate, and aluminum tetrahydroborate. 8.The anode active material according to claim 1, wherein the content of Mis about 0.05 wt % to about 1.0 wt % of the coating layer.
 9. The anodeactive material according to claim 1, wherein the anode active materialhas an X-ray diffraction peak having a 20 value of about 21.7±1°. 10.The anode active material according to claim 1, wherein the lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material comprises nano silicon grains, the nano silicongrains having a grain size of less than about 10 nm.
 11. An anode,comprising a substrate and an anode active material comprising alithiated silicon-oxygen material and a coating layer, wherein there isat least a Si—O-M bond between the coating layer and the lithiatedsilicon-oxygen material, wherein M is selected from one or more of analuminum element, a boron element, and a phosphorus element.
 12. Theanode according to claim 11, wherein the lithiated silicon-oxygenmaterial comprises one or more of Li₂SiO₃, Li₆Si₂O₇, Li₂Si₂O₅, andLi₄SiO₄.
 13. The anode according to claim 11, wherein the coating layercomprises a compound containing one or more of a phosphorus element, analuminum element, and a boron element.
 14. The anode according to claim13, wherein the compound containing the phosphorus element is derivedfrom one or more of phosphoric acid, tripolyphosphoric acid, sodiumtripolyphosphate, and potassium tripolyphosphate.
 15. The anodeaccording to claim 13, wherein the compound containing the aluminumelement is derived from one or more of sodium metaaluminate, potassiummetaaluminate, aluminum trichloride, and aluminum hydroxide.
 16. Theanode according to claim 13, wherein the compound containing the boronelement is derived from one or more of the following: boric acid, sodiumtetrab orate or a hydrate thereof, potassium tetrab orate or a hydratethereof, sodium metaborate or a hydrate thereof, and potassiummetaborate or a hydrate thereof.
 17. The anode according to claim 13,wherein the compound containing any combination of the phosphoruselement, the aluminum element, and the boron element is derived from oneor more of aluminum dihydrogen tripolyphosphate, aluminum phosphate,aluminum borate, and aluminum tetrahydroborate.
 18. The anode accordingto claim 11, wherein the content of M is about 0.05 wt % to about 1.0 wt% of the coating layer.
 19. The anode according to claim 11, wherein theanode active material has an X-ray diffraction peak having a 20 value ofabout 21.7±1°.
 20. The anode according to claim 11, wherein thelithiated silicon-oxygen material comprises nano silicon grains, thenano silicon grains having a grain size of less than about 10 nm.